Bacterial Iodoperoxidases from Zobellia Galactanivorans, Methods of Preparation and Uses Thereof

ABSTRACT

The present invention concerns iodoperoxidases from  Zobellia galactanivorans , isolated nucleic acids encoding same, as well as methods for preparing these enzymes. Moreover, the invention is also directed to the use of such iodoperoxidases in a wide range of industrial, pharmaceutical, medical, cosmetics, and ecological applications, as well as in the food industry.

The present invention relates to the technical field of halide oxidation during chemical or biochemical processes, using haloperoxidases.

More specifically, the present invention relates to iodide oxidation, using specific and efficient iodoperoxidases from the bacteria Zobellia galactanivorans, isolated nucleic acids encoding same, as well as methods for preparing these enzymes.

Moreover, the present invention is directed to the use of such iodoperoxidases in a wide range of industrial, pharmaceutical, medical, cosmetics, and ecological applications, as well as in the food industry.

Halogenated compounds are abundantly found in nature, and play various biological functions when produced by an organism, ranging from chemical defense to signaling molecules. Most organisms capable of incorporating halogens into organic compounds are of marine origin, such as algae and bacteria, and have evolved such capacity thanks to specific enzymes, namely, haloperoxidases.

Haloperoxidases (or HPOs) catalyze, in the presence of hydrogen peroxide, the oxidation of halides according to the following reaction:

H₂O₂+X⁻+H⁺→H₂O+HOX

wherein X⁻ represents a halide ion and is Cl⁻ or Br⁻ or I⁻. A variety of halocarbons can subsequently be generated if the appropriate nucleophilic acceptors are present.

Said haloperoxidases are named according to the most electronegative halide that they can oxidize: chloroperoxidases (CPOs) can catalyze the oxidation of chloride as well as of bromide and iodide, bromoperoxidases (BPOs) react with bromide and iodide, whereas iodoperoxidases (IPOs) are the most specific as they only react with iodide.

Of particular interest is a specific subclass of HPOs that binds a vanadate ion, better known as vanadium-dependant HPOs (or vHPOs): the ability of these enzymes to halogenate a broad range of organic compounds of both commercial and pharmaceutical interest, as well as their high stability towards high temperatures, oxidative conditions and in the presence of organic solvents, make them good candidates for use in industrial biotransformations (Vilter, 1995; Butler et al., 2001).

These properties have elicited detailed structural and mechanistic studies on several vHPOs, namely the CPO from the fungus Curvularia inaequalis (Messerschmidt and Wever, 1996), the BPOs from the red algae Corallina pilulifera (Shimonishi et al., 1998; Ohshiro et al., 2002) and Corallina officinalis (Isupov et al., 2000; Carter et al., 2002) or from the fucalean brown algae Fucus distichus (Vreeland et al., 1998) and Ascophyllum nodosum (Weyand et al., 1999), as well as the IPOs from Laminaria digitata (Colin et al., 2005).

International Patent Application PCT/IB2003/006405, published under No WO2004/078976, describes new bromo- and iodoperoxidases isolated from the brown algae Laminaria digitata. However, WO2004/078976 provides only isolation and subsequent purification of IPOs from the algal sporophytes in order to characterize their biochemical properties and specific activities. Recombinant expression of the IPOs from L. digitata has not been demonstrated.

The present invention provides for the first time a iodoperoxidase from Zobellia galactanivorans. This is also the first report demonstrating a successful recombinant expression of a iodoperoxidase.

More precisely, the present invention provides vanadium-dependant iodoperoxidases (vIPOs) of Zobellia galactanivorans (ZgvIPOs), said enzymes having highly specific and highly efficient activities for oxidizing iodide.

In the context of the invention, the terms “activity”, “function”, “biological activity”, and “biological function” are equivalent and have to be understood as it is well known in the art. Preferably, such an activity is enzymatic. That is in the context of the invention, the activity exhibited by the proteins of the invention is one of a iodoperoxidase, such as described above, and can be detected according to the protocol described in paragraph I.4 of the examples below, and/or measured according to the protocol based on the iodination of thymol blue described by Verhaeghe et al. (2008).

A first aspect of the invention is related to an isolated iodoperoxidase of Zobellia galactanivorans.

By “isolated”, it is meant free from its natural environment. More precisely, by “isolated”, it is meant at least partially purified away from other components. Preferably, “isolated” means that at least one order of magnitude of purification is achieved, preferably two or three orders of magnitude, and most preferably four or five orders of magnitude of purification of the starting material or of the natural material. Thus, the term “isolated” as utilized herein does not necessarily mean that the material of interest is 100% purified and that said material thus excludes any other material.

Preferably, “an isolated iodoperoxidase of Z. galactanivorans” (ZgIPO) refers to a proteinaceous composition comprising an IPO extracted from Z. galactanivorans cells or from recombinant host cells expressing an IPO of Z. galactanivorans, wherein said iodoperoxidase is purified to any degree relative to its naturally-obtainable state, i.e., is free from its natural environment. This does not mean in all cases that the isolated ZgIPO is free from any other compounds or impurities, provided the enzyme activity is the only one to be retained by the composition, as may be assessed, for example, by the protein assays described in paragraph I.4 of the examples below, or as would be known to one of ordinary skill in the art for the desired IPO. Substantially pure compositions of at least about 90 to 95% homogeneity are preferred, and 98 to 99% or more homogeneity are yet preferred.

Methods for obtaining said iodoperoxidase are described below.

Once purified, partially or to homogeneity, the IPO protein from Z. galactanivorans may then be used as described below.

The terms “protein”, “peptide” and “polypeptide” refer to a sequence of amino acids or residues having no specific length. Thus, peptides, oligopeptides, polypeptides and proteins are encompassed by this definition. Also covered by this definition, are polypeptides having undergone post-translational modifications such as polypeptides having covalent attachment of glycosyl groups, acetyl groups, phosphate groups, lipid groups, and the like.

In other words, in the context of the invention, the terms “protein”, “peptide” and “polypeptide” are used interchangeably to refer to an “amino acid sequence”. Such sequence is preferably that of an enzyme and, more preferably, that of an IPO, such as defined above.

Preferably, the isolated IPO of Z. galactanivorans according to the present invention is selected from a iodoperoxidase comprising at least one sequence selected from the sequences SEQ ID No 1, SEQ ID No 2, SEQ ID No 3, SEQ ID No 4, SEQ ID No 5, and functional fragments and functional variants thereof.

An IPO according to the invention can contain a signal peptide sequence useful for expression of said enzyme in a host cell, such as the putative native signal peptide sequence of ZgvIPO1 of sequence MKKILIALISFAFAVSCKAPQK (SEQ ID No 6; such as IPO of sequence SEQ ID No 3), or a protein purification tag, such as a histidine tag (e.g. of sequence SEQ ID No 8: MGSSHHHHHHGS; such as IPO of sequence SEQ ID No 4 or SEQ ID No 5), in the N-Terminal extremity and/or C-Terminal extremity of said IPO.

Yet preferably, the isolated IPO of Z. galactanivorans according to the present invention is selected from a iodoperoxidase having a sequence selected from:

-   -   SEQ ID No 1, wherein a methionin amino-acid can be further         present as a translation start signal in the N-terminal         extremity of said SEQ ID No 1,     -   SEQ ID No 2, wherein a methionin amino-acid can be further         present as a translation start signal in the N-terminal         extremity of said SEQ ID No 2,     -   SEQ ID No 3,     -   SEQ ID No 4,     -   SEQ ID No 5,         and functional fragments and functional variants thereof.

By “functional fragments” of an amino acid sequence of reference having a biological activity of interest (as defined above), it is meant parts of this amino acid sequence of reference, said parts comprising at least all the regions essential for exhibiting the biological activity of the amino acid sequence of reference. These parts of sequences can be of various lengths, provided the biological activity of the amino acid sequence of reference is retained by said parts.

The definition above can be applied mutatis mutandis to “functional fragments” of a nucleic acid of reference, said nucleic acid of reference encoding a protein having a biological function of interest.

By “functional variants” of an amino acid sequence of reference having a biological activity of interest (as defined above), it is meant proteins that structurally differ from the amino acid sequence of reference but that generally retain all the essential functional characteristics of said amino acid sequence of reference. A variant of a protein may be a naturally-occurring variant or a non-naturally occurring variant. Such non-naturally occurring variants of the reference protein can be made, for example, by mutagenesis techniques on the encoding nucleic acids, such as random mutagenesis or site-directed mutagenesis. More preferably, said non-naturally occurring variants are generated by site-directed mutagenesis.

Structural differences may be limited in such a way that the amino acid sequence of reference and the amino acid sequence of the variant may be closely similar overall, and identical in many regions.

Structural differences may result from conservative or non-conservative amino acid substitutions, deletions and/or additions between the amino acid sequence of reference and the variant. The only proviso is that, even if some amino acids are substituted, deleted and/or added, the biological activity of the amino acid sequence of reference is retained by the variant, that is to say in the context of the present invention, the variant retains a iodoperoxidase activity, as defined above. The activity of said variant may however differ in its efficiency of iodination compared to the activity of the amino acid sequence of reference.

An isolated IPO according to the present invention is preferably encoded by a nucleic acid comprising at least one sequence selected from the sequences SEQ ID No 10, SEQ ID No 11, SEQ ID No 12, SEQ ID No 13, SEQ ID No 14, functional fragments and functional variants thereof, and complementary sequences thereof.

A nucleic acid according to the invention can contain a nucleotide sequence encoding a signal peptide sequence useful for expression of said enzyme in a host cell, such as the putative native signal peptide sequence of ZgvIPO1 of sequence ATGAAGAAGATTCTTATCGCACTAATATCGTTTGCTTTTGCGGTTTCGTGCAAAGCTCCACAAAAA (SEQ ID No 7; such as the IPO sequence SEQ ID No 12), or a nucleotide sequence encoding a protein purification tag, such as a histidine tag (SEQ ID No 9; such as the IPO sequence SEQ ID No 13 or SEQ ID No 14), in the 5′ and/or 3′ termini of the selected sequence.

Preferably, the isolated IPO of Z. galactanivorans according to the present invention is encoded by a nucleic acid consisting of a sequence selected from:

-   -   SEQ ID No 10, wherein a start codon can be further present in         the 5′ extremity and a stop codon can be further present in the         3′ extremity of said SEQ ID No 10,     -   SEQ ID No 11, wherein a start codon can be further present in         the 5′ extremity and a stop codon can be further present in the         3′ extremity of said SEQ ID No 11,     -   SEQ ID No 12,     -   SEQ ID No 13,     -   SEQ ID No 14,         functional fragments and functional variants thereof, and         complementary sequences thereof.         Start codons include, but are not limited to, the codons (or         trinucleotides, or triplets) ATG, AUG, TTG, UUG, GTG, GUG, CTG         and CUG, and can be selected by the person skilled in the art         based on the host cell wherein said nucleic acid will be         translated. Stop codons include, but are not limited to, the         codons TAG, UAG, TAA, UAA, TGA and UGA and can be selected by         the person skilled in the art based on the host cell wherein         said nucleic acid will be translated.

As used herein, the terms <<nucleic acid>> or <<nucleotide sequence>> are used interchangeably, and refer to a precise succession of natural nucleotides (namely, A, T, G, C and U) or non-natural nucleotides, corresponding to a single-stranded or double-stranded DNA such as a cDNA, a genomic DNA, or a plasmidic DNA, and the transcription product of said DNA, such as an RNA. According to the invention, the term “oligonucleotide” preferably refers to a nucleic acid of less than 50 nucleotides in length, while the term “polynucleotide” preferably refers to a nucleic acid of greater than 50 nucleotides in length.

The nucleotide sequences of the present invention may be prepared by any known method including, but not limited to, any synthetic method, any recombinant method, any ex vivo generation method and the like, as well as combinations thereof.

As used herein, the term “complementary” means that, for example, each nucleotide of a first nucleic acid sequence is paired with the complementary base of a second nucleic acid sequence whose orientation is reversed. Complementary nucleotides are A and T (or A and U) or C and G.

“Variants” of nucleic acid according to the present invention include, but are not limited to, nucleic acid sequences which are at least 95% identical after alignment to the reference nucleic acid encoding the reference protein. These variants can also have 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, and 99,999% sequence identity to the nucleic acid encoding the reference protein.

Nucleotide changes present in a nucleic acid variant may be silent, which means that these changes do not alter the amino acid sequence encoded by the reference nucleic acid.

Also encompassed by the term “variants” of a nucleic acid of reference, are nucleic acids which can hybridize to said nucleic acid of reference. Hybridizing nucleic acids can be useful as probes or primers, for example.

For instance, such hybridizing nucleic acids may be at least 10 nucleotides in length or preferably, at least 17 nucleotides in length. They may also be at least 25 or at least 50 nucleotides in length.

In the context of the present invention, hybridizing nucleic acids will preferably hybridize to the nucleic acid of reference under stringent hybridization conditions. One example of stringent hybridization conditions is where attempted hybridization is carried out at a temperature of from about 35° C. to about 65° C. using a salt solution which is about 0.9 molar. However, the skilled person will be able to vary such conditions appropriate in order to take into account variables such as probe length, base composition, type of ions present, etc.

Examples of hydridizing nucleic acids include, but are not limited to, the nucleic acids of sequence SEQ ID No 15 and SEQ ID No 16.

Identity between nucleic acid or amino acid sequences can be determined by comparing a position in each of the sequences which may be aligned for the purposes of comparison. When a position in the compared sequences is occupied by the same nucleotide or amino acid, then the sequences are identical at that position. A degree of sequence identity between nucleic acids is a function of the number of identical nucleotides at positions shared by these sequences. A degree of identity between amino acid sequences is a function of the number of identical amino acid sequences that are shared between these sequences.

To determine the percentage of identity between two amino acid sequences or two nucleic acid sequences, the sequences are aligned for optimal comparison. For example, gaps can be introduced in the sequence of a first amino acid sequence or a first nucleic acid sequence for optimal alignment with the second amino acid sequence or second nucleic acid sequence. The amino acid residues or nucleotides at corresponding amino acid positions or nucleotide positions are then compared. When a position in the first sequence is occupied by the same amino acid residue or nucleotide as the corresponding position in the second sequence, the molecules are identical at that position.

The percentage of identity between the two sequences is a function of the number of identical positions shared by the sequences. Hence % identity=number of identical positions/total number of overlapping positions×100.

In this comparison, the sequences can be of the same length or may be of different lengths.

Optimal alignment of sequences may be conducted by the global homology alignment algorithm of Needleman and Wunsch (1972), by computerized implementations of this algorithm or by visual inspection. The best alignment (i.e., resulting in the highest percentage of identity between the compared sequences) generated by the various methods is selected.

In other words, the percentage of sequence identity is calculated by comparing two optimally aligned sequences, determining the number of positions at which the identical nucleotide occurs in both sequences to yield the number of matched positions, dividing the number of matched positions by the total number of positions and multiplying the result by 100 to yield the percentage of sequence identity. The same process can be applied to protein sequences.

In the context of the present invention, the nucleic acid variants are “functional”, that is to say they encode amino-acid sequences having a biological activity of interest as defined above.

The nucleic acids disclosed herein are advantageously comprised in a recombinant vector.

The terms “vector”, and “plasmid” herein relate to the same tool which is useful for performing procedures of molecular biology and genetic recombination. Such tool is commonly used and very well known in the art. A nucleic acid of interest can thus be inserted into a vector capable of replication in order to amplify said nucleic acid, or to express the protein encoded by said nucleic acid. These vectors are better known as “cloning vectors” (to amplify a nucleic acid) or “expression vectors” (to express a protein), and are publicly available. Such vectors include, without limitation, plasmid vectors, cosmids, YACS, viral vectors (adenovirus, retrovirus, EBV episome), and phage vectors. In particular, the above-mentioned vectors are said to be recombinant in that they are not found in nature combined to said nucleic acid of interest.

Methods for inserting a nucleic acid into such vectors are known to those skilled in the art. Generally, a nucleic acid is inserted into one or more restriction endonuclease site(s) using appropriate techniques known in the art, e.g. via ligation (see, for example, the techniques described in Sambrook et al., 2001; Ausubel et al., 2011). Nucleotide sequences allowing the transcription of said nucleic acid, the expression and/or purification of the protein encoded by said nucleic acid are preferably also contained in the recombinant vector of the invention. These sequences include, generally and without limitation, at least one sequence selected from one or more signal peptide sequence(s), an origin of replication, one or more gene(s) marker(s) selection, an enhancer element, a promoter, a transcription terminator, and possibly a sequence allowing purification of a protein. The insertion of such sequences in said vector can be done via standard ligation techniques known to those skilled in the art, such as mentioned above. It is additionally known to those skilled in the art that, depending on the nucleotide sequences present in the vector, said vector can replicate in different host cells, and/or the protein encoded by said nucleic acid can be expressed in different host cells.

The recombinant vector is advantageously comprised in a recombinant host cell, such as a prokaryotic or a eukaryotic cell.

As used herein, the terms “host cell”, “cell” and “cell line”, can be used interchangeably, and refer to a prokaryotic or a eukaryotic cell in which the recombinant vector of the invention can be introduced, such as to amplify the nucleic acid as described above, and/or to express the protein encoded by said nucleic acid. To this end, a host cell may be “transfected” or “transformed” by a process known to those skilled in the art by which said vector is transferred or introduced into the host cell. Examples of such methods include, without limitation, electroporation, lipofection, calcium phosphate transfection, transfection using DEAE dextran, microinjection, and biolistics.

The choice of the host cell can be correlated to the choice of said vector, depending on the selected use, namely the cloning of the nucleic acid or the expression of the protein encoded by said nucleic acid. The skilled person will be able to choose the appropriate host cell among the many cell lines that are publicly available, notably via the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) (www.ATCC.org).

Examples of prokaryotic cells include, without limitation, bacteria such as Gram-negative bacteria of the genus Escherichia (eg E. coli RR1, LE392, B, X1776, W3110, DH5 alpha, JM109, KC8), Serratia Pseudomonas, Erwinia Methylobacterium, Rhodobacter, Salmonella and Zymomonas, and Gram positive bacteria of the genus Corynebacterium, Brevibacterium, Bacillus, Arthrobacter, and Streptomyces.

Examples of eukaryotic cells include, without limitation, cells isolated from fungi, plants, and animals. Such cells notably include, yeasts of the genus Saccharomyces, cells of the fungi Aspergillus, Neurospora, Fusarium and Trichoderma, animal cells such as HEK293 cells, NIH3T3, Jurkat, MEF, Vero, HeLa, CHO, W138, BHK, COS-7, MDCK, C127, Saos, PC12, HKG, and insect cells Sf9, Sf21, Hi Five™ or of Bombyx mori. The use of insect cells is particularly described in the manual “Baculovirus Expression Vectors: A Laboratory Manual”, David R. O'Reilly et al. Oxford University Press, USA (1993).

In a second aspect of the invention, the present invention concerns an isolated nucleic acid encoding a iodoperoxidase of Z. galactanivorans, such as defined above.

Preferably, said nucleic acid comprises at least one sequence selected from the sequences SEQ ID No 10, SEQ ID No 11, SEQ ID No 12, SEQ ID No 13, SEQ ID No 14, functional fragments and functional variants thereof, and complementary sequences thereof.

A nucleic acid according to the invention can contain a nucleotide sequence encoding a signal peptide sequence useful for expression of said enzyme in a host cell, such as the putative native signal peptide sequence of ZgvIPO1 of sequence ATGAAGAAGATTCTTATCGCACTAATATCGTTTGCTTTTGCGGTTTCGTGCAAAGCTCCACAAAAA (SEQ ID No 7; such as the IPO sequence SEQ ID No 12), or a nucleotide sequence encoding a protein purification tag, such as a histidine tag (SEQ ID No 9; such as the IPO sequence SEQ ID No 13 or SEQ ID No 14), in the 5′ and/or 3′ termini said selected sequence.

Preferably, said nucleic acid consists of a sequence selected from the sequences:

-   -   SEQ ID No 10, wherein a start codon can be further present in         the 5′ extremity and a stop codon can be further present in the         3′ extremity of said SEQ ID No 10,     -   SEQ ID No 11, wherein a start codon can be further present in         the 5′ extremity and a stop codon can be further present in the         3′ extremity of said SEQ ID No 11,     -   SEQ ID No 12,     -   SEQ ID No 13,     -   SEQ ID No 14,         functional fragments and functional variants thereof, and         complementary sequences thereof.

Definitions of nucleic acids, start and stop codons, have been provided above.

The term “isolated” as used herein means that a nucleic acid has been removed from its original environment in which it is naturally present. Indeed, a nucleic acid, when present in a plant, bacteria or animal in its naturally state, is not considered to be isolated, whereas the same nucleic acid, when separated from the adjacent nucleic acid sequences in which it is naturally inserted in the genome of said plant, bacteria or animal, is considered as being “isolated”.

The term “isolated” is not meant to exclude artificial or synthetic mixtures with other compounds, or the presence of impurities which do not interfere with the biological activity and which may be present, for example, due to incomplete purification, addition of stabilizers or mixtures with pharmaceutically acceptable excipients and the like.

Functional variants of said nucleic acids have also been described herein above.

A recombinant vector comprising an isolated nucleic acid encoding a iodoperoxidase of Z. galactanivorans, and a recombinant host cell comprising said recombinant vector, both as defined above, are also encompassed as further aspects of the present invention.

According to yet a further aspect, the invention is related to a method for obtaining an isolated iodoperoxidase of Z. galactanivorans, such as defined above.

Such method comprises at least the steps of:

-   -   a) cloning an isolated nucleic acid as defined above, into a         recombinant expression vector;     -   b) transforming a recombinant host cell with said recombinant         expression vector; and     -   c) expressing said isolated nucleic acid from said recombinant         host cell, so as to obtain said iodoperoxidase.

The recombinant vector used in steps a) and b) and the recombinant host cell used in steps b) and c) are as defined above.

In particular, the iodoperoxidase of step c) can be obtained by recovering said enzyme from the host cells if the IPO is expressed intracellularly, and/or from the culture medium in which the host cells are cultured if the IPO is expressed extracellularly.

The iodoperoxidase obtained in step c) can be advantageously purified, in a further step of said method, defined as step d). Preferably, said purification step allows the obtention of a 100%-purified or almost 100%-purified protein.

According to an embodiment of the method of the invention, the host cell as described above is cultured in a suitable culture medium under conditions permitting the expression of the nucleic acid, and thus of the iodoperoxidase. The skilled person in the art may use any conventional method allowing the isolation and/or purification of said enzyme. For example, if the protein was expressed in a dissolved form in host cells, the latter are recovered by centrifugation and suspended in a buffer, then a cell-free extract is obtained by destroying cells through example of an ultrasonic homogenizer. From the supernatant obtained by centrifugation of this extract, a purified sample can be obtained using a conventional method or combination of conventional methods to isolate and purify the protein of the invention. These methods include, without limitation, solvent extraction, salting out with ammonium sulphate, desalting, precipitation with organic solvent, gel filtration, preparative electrophoresis, isoelectric focusing, ultrafiltration, various chromatographic methods such as ion exchange chromatography (anionic, using for example a resin such as diethylaminoethyl (DEAE) Sepharose; or cationic, by using for example a resin such as S-Sepharose (Pharmacia)), hydrophobic chromatography (using for example a resin such as butyl sepharose or phenyl sepharose), affinity chromatography using antibodies, adsorption chromatography, chromatofocusing, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and reversed phase HPLC.

Moreover, if a nucleotide sequence allowing purification of the protein, such as a histidine tag, is present in the recombinant vector or in the nucleic acid of the invention, as described above, the protein produced can be recovered by cleavage of said sequence through a specific protease (thrombin, trypsin, protease TEV, etc).

According to one embodiment, a iodine salt of formula I⁻M⁺ is used during step d), M⁺ being an alkaline metal selected from K⁺, Na⁺, and Li⁺.

In the case where a chromatographic method is used in step d), one or more substeps can be performed and include, without limitation, the binding of the obtained iodoperoxidase on a solid support, such as a chromatography column, a washing step, and an elution step. Said substeps can be repeated in order to achieve a 100% or almost 100% purification of the isolated protein.

Advantageously, the iodine salt as defined above is used during the elution substep of step c).

An example of a method allowing the obtention of an isolated iodoperoxidase of Z. galactanivorans is described in paragraph 1.4 of the examples below.

In another aspect, the present invention is directed to uses of an isolated iodoperoxidase of Z. galactanivorans.

This enzyme can be used in a number of industrial, pharmaceutical, medical, cosmetics and ecological applications, as well as in the food industry.

Indeed, the IPO of the invention can suitably be used for any purpose to which prior art haloperoxidases have been used, and more specifically wherein iodide is used.

In one embodiment, the IPO according to the present invention is useful for obtaining iodinated organic compounds of interest by iodinating non-iodinated organic compounds.

As used herein, the terms “organic compounds” refer to gaseous, liquid, or solid chemical compounds whose molecules contain carbon.

An example of iodination of non-iodinated organic compounds (RH) is as follows, using the iodoperoxidase of the invention:

I−+H₂O₂+RH+H⁺→RI+2H₂O

wherein RI represents a iodinated organic compound.

More particularly, said iodinated organic compounds of interest include, without limitation, active organic compounds and chemical intermediates used during organic chemical synthesis. Said active organic compounds include, without limitation, desinfectants, nutrients, pesticides, drugs, antibiotics, advantageously plant antibiotics, antioxydants, adhesives, and radiocontrast agents.

Examples of iodinated compounds of interest have been reviewed by La Barre et al. (2010), and include, but are not limited to, phenolic compounds (e.g. mono-, di-, tri-, tetra-iodophloroglucinol, dibromoiodophénol and polymers thereof, as well as iodinated phlorotannins such as iodinated fuhalols, phlorethols, fucols, fucophlorethols, eckols and carmalols), volatile hydrocarbon compounds (e.g. iodoform, iodomethane, diiodomethane, bromoiodomethane, iodoethane, iodopropane, iodobutane, etc), terpenes, amino-acids derivatives (e.g. mono- and diiodotyrosine, which are thyroxine precursors) and fatty acids derivatives (e.g. eiseniaiodides).

More specifically, iodomethane, diiodomethane, iodoform can be used as desinfectants or pesticides. Iodomethane, also known as methyl iodide, can additionally be used as a chemical intermediate during organic chemical synthesis, notably for methylating other compounds such as phenols, carboxylic acids, ammonia and derived amines, and for the industrial-scale production of acetic acid and acetic anhydride.

Examples of radiocontrast agents according to the invention include, but are not limited to, 1,3,5-triiodobenzène and derivatives thereof, such as the ionic agents diatrizoate, metrizoate and ioxaglate, and the non-ionic agents ioversol, iopamidol, iohexyl, ioxilan, iopromide and iodixanol.

Such agents can be used for X-Ray imagery, such as fluoroscopy.

Additionally, the IPO of the invention can be used to produce adhesives, useful for example in band-aids, due to the capacity of the enzyme to catalyze oxidative cross-linking of natural organic compounds.

In another embodiment, the above-defined IPO can be used for trapping iodine, preferably during bioremediation such as water treatment.

By “bioremediation”, it is meant herein the removal of pollutants via a biological molecule, i.e., an enzyme. Radioactive iodine can be cited as an example of pollutant in the above context.

In yet another embodiment, the IPO of Z. galactanivorans can be used for the in situ production of antibiotic compounds, for example in antifouling treatment of boats.

The present invention is illustrated, while not being limited, by the following figures:

FIG. 1. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis of the NI-sepharose eluted protein fractions during recombinant ZgvIPO1 purification.

The polyacrylamide gel was stained with Coomassie brilliant blue R-250 to reveal the presence of the eluted proteins. ZgvIPO1 indicates the presence of the overexpressed iodoperoxidase enzyme.

Lanes 1 to 30: eluted protein fractions, I: Injected diluted crude extract, M: Precision Plus Protein™ Standards (Bio-Rad Laboratories)

FIG. 2. Size chromatography purification of recombinant ZgvIPO1 protein. FIG. 2A: Superdex 200 purification chromatogram; FIG. 2B: Coomassie blue staining, M: Precision Plus Protein™ Standards (Bio-Rad Laboratories).

FIG. 3. In-gel haloperoxidase assay of the purified recombinant ZgvIPO1 under non-denaturing PAGE electrophoresis.

Polyacrylamide gels were loaded with MilliQ water (lane C-) as a negative control, and with 1 μL of the purified recombinant ZgvIPO1 enzyme (lane 1), 5 μL of the purified ZgvIO1 enzyme (lane 2), and 10 μL of the purified ZgvIPO1 enzyme (lane 3), and subsequently stained for chloroperoxidase activity (KCl lanes), bromoperoxidase activity (KBr lanes), and for iodoperoxidase activity (KI lanes).

FIG. 4. Steady-state analysis (A) and kinetics parameters determination (B) of the activity of the recombinant purified ZgvIPO1 at various iodide concentrations, using the thymol Blue colorimetric assay.

FIG. 5. Iodoperoxidase initial velocity of the purified ZgvIPO1 as a function of temperature at pH 7.2. Error bars indicate standard deviations (n=3).

FIG. 6. Structure model of the ZgvIPO1 protein presented as a stereo view. Secondary structure assignment: α-helices are shown in dark grey, and β-strands and coils in light grey.

The present invention will be better understood in the light of the following detailed description of experiments, including examples. Nevertheless, the skilled artisan will appreciate that this detailed description is not limitative and that various modifications, substitutions, omissions, and changes may be made without departing from the scope of the invention.

EXAMPLES I. Experimental Procedures I.1. Isolation of Bacterial Material and Genomic DNA

The type strain Dsij^(T) of Zobellia galactanivorans was isolated from a red alga (Barbeyron et al. 2001) and grown in ZoBell medium 2216E (ZoBell, 1941) at 20° C. The genomic DNA was isolated as described by Barbeyron et al. (2001) and fully sequenced (Barbeyron et al., unpublished data).

I.2. ZgvIPO1 Cloning and Sequencing

The ZgvIPO1 gene was identified on the genome of Z. galactinovorans by sequence similarities with available vHPO proteins using BLASTX program (Altschul et al., 1997). The Z. galactinovorans genomic DNA was therefore used as a template for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of the ZgvIPO1 gene fragment, using the primers of sequence SEQ ID No 15 (forward primer of sequence 5′ GGGGGGGGATCCAAAGCTCCACAAAAAGAAGAACCTAT 3′, comprising the BamHI restriction site), and SEQ ID No 16 (reverse primer of sequence 5′ CCCCCCGAATTCCTAGTTTTGGGCTACTTTCTTATCGGAT 3′, comprising the EcoRI restriction site).

The PCR was performed using Pfu DNA polymerase, according to the Manufacturer's protocol (Promega) and the PCR product was cloned using a medium throughput cloning program described in Groisillier et al. (2010).

Briefly, the PCR reaction contained 1 μL of Z. galactinovorans genomic DNA, 5 μL of each primer (10 μM each), 1 μL dNTPs (0.10 mM), 5 μL reaction 10× buffer with MgSO₄, 3 μL Pfu DNA polymerase, and 35 μL of PCR grade water. The cycling conditions were 96° C. for 2 minutes, followed by 35 cycles of 96° C. for 15 s, 60° C. for 30 s, and 72° C. for 6 minutes, terminating at 72° C. for 4 minutes.

A 1311 bp PCR amplicon was then digested by the BamHI and EcoRI restrictions enzymes and cloned into the vector pFO4, a modified expression vector of pET15b (Novagen, USA), in order to be compatible with the BamHI/EcoRI ligation strategy (Groisillier et al. 2010). This expression vector generates a hexa-histidine tail at the N-terminal of recombinant protein, without modifying the recombinant protein activity. This cloning resulted in a gene encoding the ZgvIPO1 protein, without the first 17 amino-acids coding for the putative signal peptide, flanked by an N-terminal hexa-histidine tag. The pFO4-ZgvIPO1 vector was first introduced into Escherichia coli DH5α, for standard plasmid amplification and sequencing of both strands of the gene was carried out using the ABI Prism 3100 genetic analyzer (Applied Biosystems, CA, USA). I.3. Recombinant Overexpression of ZgvIPO1 in E. coli and Purification

The pFO4-ZgvIPO1 vector was then transformed into E. coli BL21 (DE3) (Novagen, Darmstadt, Germany), for overexpression of the enzyme.

Briefly, a 3 ml overnight preculture of a transformed bacteria clone, pre-selected for its resistance to Ampicillin, was used to inoculate a 200 ml culture of the auto-inducible ZYP 5052 medium developed by Studier (2005) containing 200 μg/ml of Ampicillin. The recombinant bacteria were grown for 3 days at 20° C., and the cultured cells were pelleted by centrifugation (at 4000 g for 5 minutes) and frozen at −80° C. prior to purification.

The bacterial pellet was harvested by using of a French Press machine in presence of a lysis buffer (Tris-HCl pH8.8 50 mM). The lysate was then ultra-centrifuged for 1 h30 min at 30,000 g prior to chromatography separation.

The resulting supernatant was collected and exchanged with buffer A (Tris-HCl pH7.5 50 mM; 200 mM NaCl; 100 mM KI; 50 mM imidazole) by dilution and transferred to a Ni-sepharose column. The extract was fractionated by IMAC affinity using an AKTA-purifier (Amersham). After a wash step with buffer A (Tris-HCl pH7.5 50 mM; 200 mM NaCl; 100 mM KI; 50 mM imidazole), the proteins were eluted using a gradient protocol of 50 mM to 500 mM imidazole by mixing buffer A and buffer B (Tris-HCl pH7.5 50 mM; 200 mM NaCl; 100 mM KI; 500 mM imidazole).

A gel electrophoresis of the eluted proteic fractions was carried out using 9% polyacrylamide slab gels according to Laemmli (1970). SDS-samples, containing β-mercaptoethanol, were boiled at 100° C. for 10 min to denature the proteins. The protein samples were then electrophoresed along with a protein molecular mass standard (Precision Plus Protein™ Standards, Bio-Rad Laboratories, Marnes La Coquette, France) and the resulting gel was stained with Coomassie brilliant blue R-250 to reveal the presence of the proteins.

The fractions of interest were then concentrated to a volume of 500 μl by ultrafiltration on a CentriPrep Centrifugal Filter Unit 10 kDa (Millipore) and simultaneously exchanged with a Tris-HCl pH7.5 50 mM buffer. The proteins were then transferred on Superdex 200 16/60 Prep Grade resin (Amersham) and purified by size chromatography using an ÄKTA-purifier (Amersham). Gel electrophoresis and Coomassie Blue staining were performed again to check for the presence of the recombinant protein in the eluted fractions (˜50 kDa) and evaluate the purity of the enzyme in the protein samples.

I.4. Haloperoxidase Activity of the Purified ZgvIPO1

Haloperoxidase activities were detected on non-denaturing electrophoresis gels, soaked with 100 mM potassium phosphate buffer, pH 7.4, in the presence of 0.1 mM o-dianisidine, 0.45 mM H2O2, and 10 mM potassium iodide, potassium bromide, or potassium chloride in order to reveal iodoperoxidase, bromoperoxidase or chloroperoxidase activities, respectively (Jordan and Vilter, 1990).

To detect haloperoxidase activity on denaturating electrophoresis gels, the SDS was removed by washing the above gel 4 times in Tris-glycine buffer containing 0.1% Igepal CA-630 (Sigma Aldrich).

Such method allows identifying the specific enzymatic activity of the purified recombinant ZgvIPO1.

I.5. Enzymatic Kinetics Parameters of the Recombinant ZgvIPO1

A spectrophotometric assay to measure the iodoperoxidase activity of the recombinant ZgvIPO1 was carried out, according to the protocol based on the iodination of thymol blue described by Verhaeghe et al. (Anal. Biochem., 2008, 379: 60-65).

All reactions were performed in quadruplicate at 20° C. in a 1 mL standard assay. The stock solution of thymol blue (TB) was prepared in H2O/dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) (4:1).

The assays were carried out as follows: 10 μg of the purified ZgvIPO1 enzyme were added to a reaction mixture, consisting of phosphate buffer (100 mM, pH 7.2), TB (100 μM), NaI (62.5 μM to 2 mM) and H2O2 (0.35 mM final). The iodoperoxidase activity was evaluated by measuring the absorbance of the resulting mixture at 620 nm on a Spectrophotometer UV-2401PC (Shimadzu) for 5 min. A620 values were then converted to millimolars of diiodothymolsulfonphthalein (TBI2) using the equation [C]=A620/40.3 mM-1 cm-1.

For the determination of kinetic parameters (Km and kcat values of iodide), the experimental initial velocities expressed in millimolars of iodine-converted per minute, were averaged and fitted to the Michaelis-Menten equation.

For thermostability studies, the purified recombinant proteins were maintained at the appropriate temperature for 10 min prior to the iodoperoxidase assay.

I.6. Crystallization of the ZgvIPO1 Enzyme

For crystallisation set up and 3D structure resolution, the Se-Met labelling procedure was performed by growing recombinant pFO4-ZgvIPO1 E. coli BL21 (DE3) in 200 ml of PASM 5052 medium (Studier, 2005) containing 200 μg/ml of Ampicillin at 20° C. during 10 days. The purification procedure was the same as for the native enzyme.

The over-expression and purification of the recombinant native and Se-Met-labelled ZgvIPO1 enzymes were carried out in sufficient quantity to set up conditions for the protein crystallization.

Single crystals of native and Se-Met-labelled ZgvIPO1 were obtained using hanging drop vapour diffusion method. High quality crystals were grown by mixing 1 μL of protein with 0.5 μl reservoir solution, containing 23% (w/v) PEG 1150, 100 mM phosphate/citrate buffer pH4.2, and 2% (v/v) glycerol.

The diffraction data sets and the refinement statistics of the ZgvIPO1 crystal structure are listed in Tables 2 and 3, respectively.

TABLE 2 Data collection statistics for the MAD data set of ZgvlPO1 (Beamline: ESRF ID23- EH1). Inflexion Peak point Remote Wavelength 0.9793 0.9796 0.9685 (Å) Space group P2₁2₁2₁ Unit cell (Å) a = 42.84 Å; b = 84.36 Å; c = 117.38 Å α = β = γ = 90° Resolution (Å)   20-1.80   20-1.80   20-1.90 High resolution 1.85-1.80 1.85-1.80 1.95-1.90 shell No. of 198076 (72492)  198448 (74005)  168928 (66137)  reflections^(a) Completeness 99.1 (99.6) 99.2 (99.7) 99.1 (99.5) (%) Redundancy 2.6 (2.6) 2.6 (2.6) 2.6 (2.6) I/σI 13.74 (5.17)  10.91 (2.74)  10.60 (2.52)  R_(sym)  5.3 (20.7)  7.2 (44.2)  8.3 (45.4) ^(a)Values in parentheses concern the high resolution shell.

TABLE 3 Refinement statistics for the crystal structure of ZgvlPO1. Refinement R_(work) (R_(free)) 16.3 (20.2) R.m.s.d. bond lenths (Å) 0.03 R.m.s.d. bond angles (°) 1.95 Ramachandran plot Residues in most favored regions (%) 97.01 Residues in allowed regions (%) 1.99 Residues in disallowed regions (%) 1 Atom number (Factor B Mean (Å²)) Protein 3224 (15.53) Solvent 235 (25.15) Co-factor 5 (15.08) Ion 1 (14.2)

II. Results II.1. Nucleotide and Protein Sequence of ZgvIPO1

The annotation of the ZgvIPO1 gene on the Z. galactanivorans genome revealed a 1353 bp sequence (SEQ ID No 12), coding for a protein sequence of 450 amino-acids (SEQ ID No 3). The signal peptide was predicted using SIGNALP v.2.0 using both Neural Networks and Hidden Markov models (Nielsen et al., 1999) and was identified as the sequence MKKILIALISFAFAVSCKAPQK (SEQ ID No 6).

The nucleotide sequence of ZgvIPO1, minus the first 51 nucleotides of the 5′ end of the sequence coding for the above putative signal peptide, was subsequently cloned in the expression vector pFO4 for production and characterization of the enzyme. The resulting cloned sequence is of sequence SEQ ID No 10 and comprises the stop codon TAA in the 3′ extremity of said sequence, and codes for the amino-acid sequence SEQ ID No 1. The pFO4 vector carries a Histidine Tag of sequence SEQ ID No 9 in the 5′ extremity of sequence SEQ ID No 10 for affinity purification of the protein, without the complete putative signal peptide sequence of the native protein.

II.2. Overexpression in E. coli and Purification of ZgvIPO1

Following overexpression and purification of ZgvIPO1 in E. coli, a recombinant protein with the expected size of about 50 kDa was produced, as shown by the gel electrophoresis stained with Coomassie blue of the purified eluted fractions (see FIG. 1). A contaminant protein of about 70 kDa was also present in the fractions 9 to 17. As a consequence, only the fractions 18 to 30, devoid of the other contaminant protein, were further concentrated and purified by size-exclusion chromatography (FIG. 2A).

Gel electrophoresis and Coomassie Blue staining revealed the presence of the recombinant protein ZgvIPO1 in the eluted fractions (˜50 kDa) and that no contaminant protein was present (see FIG. 2B).

The high production yield was estimated to be of about 50 to 100 mg of recombinant protein per 1 L of microbial culture, and can thus support industrial scale production. The protein was fully soluble, and thus no refolding was necessary.

II.3. Haloperoxidase Activity of ZgvIPO1

The in gel activity assay, under non-denaturing conditions, revealed a strict iodoperoxidase activity of the ZgvIPO1 enzyme, as shown by FIG. 3 where major bands were detected only in the presence of iodide. Neither chloroperoxidase nor bromoperodixase activities were detected.

II.4. Enzymatic Kinetics Parameters of the Recombinant ZgvIPO1 Enzyme

The ZgvIPO1 specific activity showed typical Michaelis-Menten kinetics as function of iodide in the initial part of the curve, but started to decrease at 2 mM (FIG. 4A). The Lineweaver-Burke analysis at various fixed levels of iodide revealed a Km of 0.6 mM, and a Kcat of 36.5 s⁻¹ (FIG. 4B).

Upon heating for 10 min, the purified ZgvIPO1 remained fully active up to 40° C. (FIG. 5).

II.5. Crystallization Structure of the ZgvIPO1 Enzyme

The crystal structure of the first vIPO enzyme was solved using the multiple-wavelength anomalous dispersion (MAD) method employing Se-Metlabelled protein crystals and refined using data extending to a resolution of 1.8 Å (Table 2). Details of the final refinement statistics are listed in Table 3.

The global monomeric structure of ZgvIPO1 is folded into 14 α-helices and 2 310 helices with two short β-strands (FIG. 6). The main tertiary structural motif of two five-helix bundles is closer to the reported X-ray crystal structure of the vCPO from a terrestrial fungi, Curvularia inaequalis (Messerschmidt and Wever 1996).

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1. An isolated iodoperoxidase of Zobellia galactanivorans.
 2. The isolated iodoperoxidase according to claim 1, wherein said iodoperoxidase is selected from a iodoperoxidase comprising at least one sequence selected from the sequences SEQ ID No 1, SEQ ID No 2, SEQ ID No 3, SEQ ID No 4, SEQ ID No 5, and functional fragments and functional variants thereof.
 3. An isolated nucleic acid encoding a iodoperoxidase of Zobellia galactanivorans according to claim
 1. 4. The isolated nucleic acid according to claim 3, wherein said nucleic acid comprises at least one sequence selected from the sequences SEQ ID No 10, SEQ ID No 11, SEQ ID No 12, SEQ ID No 13, SEQ ID No 14, functional fragments and functional variants thereof, and complementary sequences thereof.
 5. A recombinant vector comprising an isolated nucleic acid according to claim
 3. 6. The recombinant vector according to claim 5, wherein said vector is a cloning vector or an expressing vector.
 7. A recombinant host cell comprising a recombinant vector according to claim
 5. 8. The recombinant host cell according to claim 7, wherein said cell is a prokaryotic cell or a eukaryotic cell.
 9. A method for obtaining a iodoperoxidase according to claim 1, comprising at least the steps of: a) cloning an isolated nucleic acid according to claim 3, into a recombinant expression vector; b) transforming a recombinant host cell with said recombinant expression vector; c) expressing said isolated nucleic acid from said recombinant host cell, so as to obtain said iodoperoxidase.
 10. The method according to claim 9, wherein said method further comprises the step d) of purifying said iodoperoxidase.
 11. A method for obtaining iodinated organic compounds of interest, comprising the step of iodinating non-iodinated organic compounds with an isolated iodoperoxidase according to claim
 1. 12. The method according to claim 11, wherein the iodinated organic compounds of interest are active organic compounds selected from the group consisting of desinfectants, nutrients, pesticides, drugs, antibiotics, advantageously plant antibiotics, antioxydants, adhesives, and radiocontrast agents.
 13. The method according to claim 11, wherein the iodinated organic compounds of interest are chemical intermediates used during organic chemical synthesis.
 14. A method for trapping iodine, preferably during bioremediation such as water treatment, comprising the step of using an isolated iodoperoxidase according to claim
 1. 15. A method for the in situ production of antibiotic compounds, comprising the step of using an isolated iodoperoxidase according to claim
 1. 